The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser.
Empirical analyses of hierarchical data are important in various disciplines, but are most common to the social sciences. Until the 1980's, when the method of multilevel modeling was introduced, researchers dealt with the problem of nested data in a variety of ways, none of which was completely effective or accurate. The method of hierarchical modeling, and softwares such as HLM or MLwiN, provide...